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OL-55 On-Line Tensiometer
SHADYSİDE INN SUİTES
High Flow Range Mass Coriolis Flow Meter
AFM (Autoriteit Financiële Markten) Vergunning.
Regulatory Affairs Services
PORTABLE FLOWMETERING / THE GOOD EXPERT NEEDS THE
Biomedical Sample Handling
FOREX EDUCATION / FOREX TRAINING
MLTrac
High-Efficiency Generators for Hybrid Vehicles
KREDİ,BANK,FİNANCİEN,FİNANCE,BANKİNG
Technology in Multiphase Flow Metering


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OL-55 On-Line Tensiometer


By continuously measuring surface tension, the OL-55 monitors the level of surface active chemical additives in water-based process liquids. Based on the information from the measurement the operator can either manually dose chemicals into the process or the optional auto-dosing system can be used.

 

On-line tensiometer

  • Continuous monitoring of surface tension and other parameters, including pH, temperature, and conductivity, in various process liquids for optimising the dosing of chemicals
  • Rugged design for factory applications
  • Fully automatic computer controlled operation
  • Patented technology

Benefits

  • Eliminates overdosing of surfactants - reducing costs
  • Controls processes - improves efficiency and quality
  • Reduces waste and improves yield
  • Improves environmental control
  • Extends chemical lifetime in processes

 

Specifications
Surface tension measuring range 20 to 80 mN/m
Resolution 0.1 mN/m
Update time for liquid
 3 minutes from change in process liquid 
Temperature measuring range (optional)
 15 to 85°C
pH measuring range (optional)
 2 to 14
Flow rate
 18 l/h
Self-cleaning filter
 Standard 100 μm (others by request)
Voltage
 100-240 V (automatic) 50/60 Hz
Power consumpiton
 < 60 W
Fuses 315 mA
Dimensions 544 x 428 x 236 mm (H x L x D)
Optional features
 
  • On-line pH monitoring
  • On-line conductivity monitoring
  • On-line process temperature measurement
  • Automatic dosing of surfactants and clean water based on measurement data

  • Tarih: 11:19, 27/2/2009 Kategori: teknoloji
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    SHADYSİDE INN SUİTES

           
                      

    Shadyside Inn Suites is different. Your idea of staying in a hotel is about to change. Our suites are not typical hotel rooms. In fact we do not have rooms; we only offer suites. Why are we different? Your suite is a fully furnished apartment with the same amenities as a hotel located in a residential neighborhood. It’s not just any neighborhood, it's Shadyside, Pittsburgh’s most quaint, trendy, and upscale urban area. Picture Boston’s Newberry Street, or New York’s East Village and you will get an idea of what the Shadyside area is like.

    Imagine having your own apartment in the best location in Pittsburgh for as little as a day or for as long as a lifetime. Shadyside Inn Suites is as flexible as you need. Only going to be here for a night? Why not have your own fully equipped apartment? Need somewhere to stay for a month while your house is renovated? Shadyside Inn Suites is your answer. Looking to attend the University for only nine months? Shadyside Inn Suites can accommodate. Think this is going to cost you more than a hotel? Not even close. Our rates are lower, our suites are double the size of any hotel in the area, our parking is free, and our location is unrivaled.

    Our suites are located within a block or two of some of the best dining, entertainment, and shopping in Pittsburgh. At your door are 135+ shops, 15+ restaurants and some of the best nightlife in the area. Shop in small boutiques, visit your favorite national store, and dine on cuisines from all over the world. Shadyside living is unmatched.

    Stay in Shadyside and still be approximately 4 miles from Downtown Pittsburgh and the Convention Center and less than 1 mile from the following hospitals: Presbyterian, Montefiore, Magee Women's, Falk Clinic, West Penn, Children's, Shadyside Hospital, and Western Psychiatric

    Within 1 mile of the Shadyside Inn Suites is The Carnegie Museum of Art, The Museum of Natural History, The University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University Chatham College, and Carlow College.

    Besides coming for a visit, the best way to learn about our story is read what other people have said about us. Please click on the following links to read what the professionals have to say.

    Articles written about the Shadyside Inn


    Tarih: 15:25, 25/2/2009 Kategori: VILLA
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    High Flow Range Mass Coriolis Flow Meter

     

    Ideal for the measurement of flow, density and temperature of liquids and slurries, such as aggressive or contaminated, sanitary or particle-filled fluids.

     
    Features:
    • Flow ranges from 60 to 
      60K Kg/Hr (2.2 to 1650 lb/min) 
    • Accuracy up to 0.25% of reading
    • Materials: flow tubes -
      316 L, splitter flanges -
      316 Ti, housing - cast iron
    • Process temperature
      -40°F to 356°F
       
    • Ambient temperature
      -40°F to 140°F
    • Wide flow ranges
    ACCURATE AND RELIABLE
    This meter has the ability to
    maintain high accuracy,
    despite changing
    viscosity conditions, with accuracy of +0.25% of reading.
     
    EASY CLEANING
    The ACM series has smooth stainless steel tubes and no moving parts, and is therefore very easy to flush and clean.
     
    MULTI-TASKING
    The ACM series of mass coriolis flow meters measure flow, density and temperature.
     
    MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY
    Because of the meter's 316 stainless steel flow tubes, the ACM series can measure a wide range of materials.
     
    VARIETY OF ELECTRONICS
    Electronics available for the ACM series include a local, hazardous rated display and a remote, panel-mount digital display.

    Tarih: 00:56, 25/2/2009 Kategori: teknoloji
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    AFM (Autoriteit Financiële Markten) Vergunning.

     

    AFM vergunning
    Dit betekent dat wij als één van de weinigen voldoen aan alle door de AFM gestelde eisen, zoals op deskundigheid en integere bedrijfsvoering. Hierdoor bent u ervan verzekerd dat de investeringen bij GoedInvesteren streng worden gecontroleerd. Hieronder vindt u een afbeelding van de webpagina van de AFM waar onze vergunning op vermeld staat.
    De AFM heeft op 10-10-2007 de vergunning aan GoedInvesteren verleend in het kader van de nieuwe wet Wft. Hiermee behoort GoedInvesteren tot de selecte groep van aanbieders van beleggingsobjecten die voldoen aan de eisen van de AFM (6 van de 44 aanvragers).
    AFM Vergunning

    Wat houdt de AFM vergunning in?

    De nieuwe wet Wft is door de regering opgesteld ter bescherming van consumentenbelangen op het gebied van beleggingen. De Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM) controleert procedures en informatievoorziening nauwlettend. Tevens wordt de financiële vastlegging en verantwoording van de geld- en goederen stromen volgens vaste regels bestudeerd om te controleren of de inleg van investeerders wordt aangewend zoals vermeld in onze beleggingsprospectussen.

    De AFM controleert of de gelden naar de juiste rekeningen worden overgemaakt. Ook de reservering voor onderhoud bij Stichting GoedInvesteren wordt op die manier streng gecontroleerd. De controle op financiële zekerheid, transparantie en zorgplicht vallen onder het doorlopend toezicht van de AFM. Deze controle wordt periodiek gedaan onder andere om te controleren of alle investeringen op de juiste wijze worden gebruikt. Overigens heeft GoedInvesteren de laagste overheadkosten. Wij besteden dus extra veel geld aan uw bomen en het onderhoud.

    Wat ook erg belangrijk is dat de AFM controleert of de aanbieder alles met betrekking tot de plantage in overeenkomsten heeft vastgelegd. Alle zaken die betrekking hebben op bedrijfsvoering, financiën en onderhoud moeten duidelijk vastgelegd zijn. Een jaarlijks verplicht gestelde controle van de plantages door een onafhankelijke taxateur maakt daar onderdeel vanuit. Van deze jaarlijkse taxaties ontvangt u als investeerder elk jaar een afschrift zodat u exact weet hoe uw investering erbij staat.

    Hoe kan ik controleren of een aanbieder een vergunning heeft?

    Er zijn tot nu toe slechts 6 van de 44 aanvragers in onze branche die een vergunning hebben gekregen. Er zijn nog maar een paar aanvragen in behandeling, de rest is al afgewezen, dus veel vergunningen zullen er niet meer bijkomen. Dat maar weinig aanbieders deze vergunning hebben verkregen was te verwachten en geeft u als investeerder nu eindelijk de mogelijkheid om een duidelijk onderscheid te kunnen maken tussen gecontroleerde en niet-gecontroleerde aanbieders. Degenen die geen vergunning krijgen, mogen namelijk niet meer doorgaan met verkopen van hun investeringsprojecten onder de Wft. Vraagt u dan ook altijd of de aanbieder waarmee u in zee wilt gaan beschikt over een AFM vergunning. Of bel de AFM op tel.nr. 0900-540 0540.

    Kan een bedrijf zonder vergunning toch investeringen aanbieden?

    Er is helaas nog een gat in de wetgeving die verkoop zonder enig toezicht (!!) onder bepaalde voorwaarden mogelijk maakt! Dit is de zogenoemde vrijstellingregeling. Door gebruik (lees: misbruik) van deze regeling te maken wordt men totaal niet gecontroleerd op financiële huishouding, deskundigheid, bedrijfsvoering, etc! En men ‘mag’ (kan) ook alles beweren wat men maar wil! Daarom vindt u vaak bij de partijen zonder vergunning zeer hoge rendementen zonder goede onderbouwing!
    Met name in de vastgoed wordt van deze vrijstelling al veel gebruik van gemaakt. Slechts 10 van de 90 vastgoedprojecten heeft een vergunning.

    In de vrijstellingsregeling staat dat men niet onder de Wft valt als een bedrijf investeringsprojecten aanbiedt waarbij een investeerder minimaal € 50.000 moet investeren om te kunnen deelnemen. De AFM is – net als GoedInvesteren - niet gelukkig met deze regeling. De AFM controleert de wetgeving maar stelt deze niet op, dat doet de overheid. De gedachte achter deze regel is dat mensen die € 50.000 kunnen investeren zelf wel kunnen (laten) controleren met wie ze in zee gaan. Echter de ervaring leert, dat dit niet zo werkt in de praktijk omdat de drempel veel te laag is. Begin oktober zijn hier kamervragen over gesteld.
    Een andere vrijstellingsmogelijkheid is de grens van maximaal € 2.500.000 per jaar en per project. Door regelmatig ‘nieuwe‘ relatief kleine projecten aan te bieden kan men toch nog steeds veel geld bij investeerders ophalen, zonder enige verantwoording te hoeven afleggen aan wie dan ook. Er is dus totaal geen controle (ook niet door de AFM).

    GoedInvesteren dringt er bij de overheid en de AFM op aan dat deze gaten in de wetgeving, snel worden gedicht. Aanbieders die gebruik maken van deze vrijstellingsmogelijkheden staan nergens geregistreerd en staan niet onder vergunning en controle van de AFM. Investeerders blijven hierdoor grote risico's lopen en worden al gauw de dupe van dubieuze aanbieders, zoals de vastgoed aanbieders die recentelijk in het nieuws waren.


    Tarih: 00:53, 25/2/2009 Kategori: teknoloji
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    Regulatory Affairs Services

     
    We engage with the Regulatory Affairs functions of
     healthcare companies worldwide from development to
     market and beyond, from clinical to post-approval and
    compliance work.
    Pharmalink spans the entire healthcare vertical:
     Interim Staffing -  Whether your requirement is for
    one week or one year, or simply an extra resource to meet
    a deadline, Pharmalink can help. We can provide experienced
    regulatory affairs consultants with a wide range of experience,
     providing “like skills” for the worker who is out on leave. 
       
     eCTD -  The eCTD is the electronic equivalent of the CTD,
    which is the standard format for submissions to the authorities
     and agencies responsible for regulation of pharmaceutical
    products, in the USA, Europe and Japan. 
       
     Pharmaceutical -  Our core business area is the regulation of pharmaceutical products.  The Pharmalink team is comprised of consultants with experience of all aspects of regulatory affairs of pharmaceutical products in markets worldwide.
       
     Biotech - As the number of products derived from
     biotechnology has increased, so has our range of
    consulting services to support this industry. Pharmalink
    consultants working in this field have gained extensive
    experience in all aspects of biotech regulatory affairs.

    Tarih: 00:49, 25/2/2009 Kategori: teknoloji
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    PORTABLE FLOWMETERING / THE GOOD EXPERT NEEDS THE



    30 years of experience and 6 generations of instruments (M210, M211, UF 320P, UF 321T, and now DigiSonic and Minisonic) permit us to offer the best of the technology and moreover the most pertinent information linked to your measurements works.
     
    To justify a measurement means being able to criticize it even on a pipe with one inaccessible pipewall.
    To this end, our instruments are composed of (in accordance with our specification sheet)
     - an internal or external thickness measurement
    - a dynamic analyser of the " echo " signals, indeed a numeric oscilloscope function (Digisonic) because every pipe can disclose surprises
    - an optimization function of time measurement, metrological advantage in comparison to correlation or phase difference measurement
    - an access to physical measurements, like the " delta T ", the speed of sound, the signal level and their quality indexes.

    The carrying out of a measurement must be as simple with :
     - a choice of adapted and high performance probes, including their supports
    - simple and complete intuitive menus in your own language
    - a readable, numeric and graphic display
    - simple possibilities of data logging and export to the PC and printing possibilities.
    - an important battery life and a fast charge of the battery
    - a robustness for field survey work

    Our applications have few limits and constantly improve themselves, accepting from ultrapure liquids to the one relatively charged or viscous and of pipes from 8mm to 5000mm.

    As an example :



    - The metrological checking of existing meters and flowmeters according to the accuracy required. Our instruments can meet all ISO 9000 requirements, therefore being checked and certified

    - The supervision of indusrial, chemical and petrochemical process…no matter the aggression or pressure of the fluid. For the measurement in Ex area (hazardous), thank you for consulting us.

    - The balancing of heating or air-conditioning network, with the possibility of calculating the calorific power with the " temperature measurement " option

    - The measurement on hydraulic circuit with, associated to pressure measurement, the capacity to measure a power energy

    - The analysis of dense network in drinking water distribution

    - The detection of leaks in networks (Vivendi)

    - The flow supervision in situ of pipes before and after repairing (Salmson pumps, Sulzer)

    - The measurements with a risk of radioactive contamination (Cogema, SGN...)

    Tarih: 23:32, 21/2/2009 Kategori: teknoloji
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    Biomedical Sample Handling

     

    Multi-axis X-Y linear motorized positioning stage

    ABTech inc's Mini X-Y Linear Motor stage combines Copley Controls, Thrust Tube "Micro" series linear motors with non-contact linear encoders and precision mechanical guideway bearings to produce a unique lightweight, low mass and low profile, linear motor positioning stage.mini-xy_ball_motorized.jpg

    This design incorporates the linear motors coil (forcer) as the stages workholding carriage while the linear mechanical guideway bearings provide load support, travel straightness and orthogonality for accurate positioning and repeatability.

    The Thrust Tube linear motors are electrically identical to conventional brushless DC motors making them compatible to most third party brushless drives.

    These mini X-Y stages are ideally suited for pick-and-place or point-to-point positioning applications such as biomedical sample handling or inspection.

    ABTech's modular design approach and full engineering services can respond quickly to provide a solution to your O.E.M. needs for ultra-precision linear motion.

    Features

    • Thrust Tube "Micro" series brushless DC linear motors
    • Precision linear mechanical guideway bearings
    • Non-contact linear encoders
    • Position accuracy & repeatability: ±0.000080" (±2.0µm)
    • Motor drive amplifiers
    • Motion controllers
    • Custom bases
    • Complete turn-key systems
    • Modular design

    Tarih: 17:16, 21/2/2009 Kategori: teknoloji
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    FOREX EDUCATION / FOREX TRAINING

    Do you have what it takes to become a successful Forex Trader?Forex trading, or any trading for that matter, is an occupation that requires experience and the accumulation of proficiency not unlike any other highly skilled profession. Whether you are a leading executive at a major publically traded company, a professional golfer or trading from your kitchen table, there are 5 key ingredients that one must possess in order to become successful.1. You must be Passionate about what you do.As Forex traders we all face one unique set of circumstances that does not exist in any other profession. We get rewarded for when we succeed and equally punished when we don’t! Could you image a corporate worker one quarter receiving a significant accomplishment bonus and the next quarter actually getting money taken from their paycheck for missing performance targets? Not on your life!We do as Forex traders and that is why passion for what you do will carry you through the tough times that are part of your trading business. Asked yourself why you trade currencies and would you still do it if Forex were not potentially lucrative? Your answers will be quite revealing. You’ve got to feel your passion for trading!2. You have to Apply Yourself and work hard at it.I talk to so many people that enter into Forex trading with the aspiration of getting rich quick. Without putting the time and energy into really getting good at trading I see them jump from strategy to strategy looking for the goose that will lay the golden egg and eventually quitting while blaming everything else, except the true cause.I got news for you – you are the goose and your Forex education is the golden egg. The magic has always resided with the magician and not some strategy. Work hard at trading and the rewards will eventually come your way. Remember what Tiger Woods said, “Funny, the harder I work the luckier I get.” Apply yourself as a trader and it will be no accident when your account begins to blossom.3. You must Focus to really get good at what you do.Now here is the hurdle most Forex traders struggle to get over. You have the passion and you are applying yourself to your trade, now focus and really get good at just at what you are doing. Be the expert to the experts at just that one thing. Become the master of a strategy or risk management methodologies. Really focus on getting good at it.Stop jumping around or getting pulled from the last “latest and greatest” into the next “latest and greatest” and focus on one aspect of Forex trading and know it inside out. Know it strengths and weakness. Set your sights on becoming expert on just one aspect of trading and watch it spill over in all other aspects for your currency trading. This is the time to fail forward fast, use every setback as a learning opportunity that will propel you 3-steps ahead!4. You must Push Yourself beyond the point everyone else might have quite.In Forex Trading this is simple. Assume there is someone on the other side of your trade that is pushing themselves and sharpening their edge. To be successful you must you must do the same thing. Now is the time to examine your mental edge. Do you know the single most critical factor in any currency trade? It is you, the trader! Sharpening you mental edge is the most difficult aspect of trading, but also the most rewarding.Start with your Forex education and gain the self-awareness necessary to maximize your strengths and suppress your weaknesses. Any expert will tell you that trading is 80% mental. It’s time to sharpen your trading to the razor’s edge and you do this through Forex education. A constant and never ending process that will become the cornerstone of your Forex experience.5. You must, without wavering, be Determined and Persist to your objective.You will fail. I can state that emphatically. However, you will not be defeated unless you allow your failures to control your trading. It is the old adage; failure is not falling of your horse, failure is refusing to get back on. Your success depends on your ability to dismiss the criticism, rejection, self-doubt and pressures associated with Forex trading.Defining what is a winning trade, losing trade and bad trade will go a long way into developing you as a successful trader. Without the determination and persistence in all aspects of your trading life, obstacle will definitely appear closer and larger than they actually are.Take a moment and assess yourself and your trading. Do you have the key elements to succeed? Which areas are presents development opportunities? When conducting a self-evaluation it is critical to be totally upfront and honest with yourself. After all, you will only be dishonest with yourself. One of the most interesting observations you can make is that all key success factors are interwoven. One factor supports the other. This is why your Forex education is a continuous journey of forex strategy, money management and self-mastery. Set these factors as your Forex education goals and take your currency trading to new heights


    Tarih: 16:37, 21/2/2009 Kategori: teknoloji
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    MLTrac

    MLTrac™

     




    With the ever-increasing emphasis on being able to demonstrate adequate anti money laundering procedures and prevention techniques, plus the draconian penalties for those failing to maintain suitable evidence of such activity, no financial institution can afford to be without an automated system such as MLTrac.

    MLTrac is part of our portfolio of banking software and is dedicated to identifying, tracking and regulating potentially suspicious or illegal activities in respect of money laundering and/or the proceeds of crime.


    internet banking software, wholesale banking software, retail banking software systems, bankware, branchware, tellerware, INTERNET BANKING SOFTWARE, WHOLESALE BANKING SOFTWARE, RETAIL BANKING SOFTWARE SYSTEMS, BANKWARE, BRANCHWARE, TELLERWARE, Internet Banking Software, Wholesale Banking Software, Retail Banking Software Systems, Bankware, Branchware, Tellerware, Criterion Banking Software,private banking,fx,money market,foreign exchange,S.W.I.F.T.,SWIFT,dealing,trade finance,lending,disaster recovery,payments,remittances,accounting,cashiers,treasury,offshore,reuters,online,on-line, Anti Money Laundering software

    MLTrac enables financial institutions to improve their internal disciplines,supplement their policies and procedures, and make a clear statement to the authorities about their commitment to effective anti money laundering controls.

    MLTrac's functionality is based upon a combination of our experience, together with contributions from our customer base and the relevant international financial authorities. Regular updates also take account of any future changes in market requirements and legislation.

    Functions:

    *
    KYC Document Management - The definition, scanning, management and tracking of customer documentation, and reporting of any deviations.
    *
    KYC Account Monitoring -The tracking of movements over account(s) looking for deviations outside of a pre-determined profile.
    *
    Manual Watch List Checking. Enter a name and the system will check to see if the name, or like sounding names, appear on any of the watch lists (e.g. OFAC, Bank of England and others) that the system monitors
    * Message Monitoring. MLTrac can be configured to check all inbound and outbound messages, irrespective of format, to see whether any field (normally the Ordering Customer and Beneficiary) appears on one of the supported checklists. The bank has control over the granularity of the name checking so as not to create too many false alerts. Messages that fail Watch List Checking are put to a quarantine queue for manual intervention. Full Audit Trails of all checks and actions taken is maintained by the system.
    *
    Cash Remittances. For the many institutions that originate from a country with a large overseas population the problems associated with accepting cash for remittance back home when taken against the potential ramifications of anti money laundering legislation means that the business is very risky and, often, not worth doing. The Cash Remittances module does away with this fear. Information concerning the remitter is maintained as part of the KYC Documentation Management module and is displayed and made available to the teller at the point of capturing data. A full record off all remitters and beneficiaries is maintained. Limits can be placed upon the individual remitter and upon the ultimate beneficiary (irrespective of source). The resulting SQL database can be interrogated for unusual payment patterns.

    Tarih: 12:35, 20/2/2009
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    High-Efficiency Generators for Hybrid Vehicles

    Free-piston engines could be used to generate electricity as efficiently as, and less expensively than, fuel cells.
    An unconventional engine design is attracting attention as a potential alternative to hydrogen fuel cells or conventional engines in some hybrid vehicles. Called the free-piston engine, it could be used to generate electricity as efficiently as fuel cells yet cost less.

    Free-piston engines aren't new: they were invented in the 1920s. But the increased recent focus on hybrid cars has led a growing number of research groups and automakers to start research programs to develop the technology. Unlike in conventional engines, there is no mechanical connection between the piston and a crankshaft (hence the name free-piston). Since the design allows for improved combustion and less friction, the engines could be far more efficient in generating electricity than either conventional generators or newer fuel-cell technology.

    Having a cheap and efficient way to generate electricity is becoming more important as automakers develop electric vehicles with onboard generators for recharging the battery pack and extending range. Such vehicles, called series plug-in hybrids or extended-range electric vehicles, are to be sold starting in late 2010. (Click here for a comparison of different hybrid and electric vehicle types.) The first will use generators based on conventional engines. But later models could incorporate fuel cells or other unconventional generators, such as free-piston engines.

    The potential high efficiency of free-piston engines gives them an advantage over conventional generators, and their ability to use a variety of fuels is an advantage over hydrogen fuel cells. What's more, free-piston engines don't require expensive materials such as the platinum catalysts needed in fuel cells, so they could be cheaper too.

    Automakers such as GM, Lotus, and Volvo have started to investigate the possibility of using such engines in future vehicles. Meanwhile, in the past couple of years, an increasing number of academic research teams have started developing the engines. So far, most have focused on computer simulations. An exception is a research group at Sandia National Laboratory led by Sandia researcher Peter Van Blarigan that has been testing physical components of free-piston engines. He is assembling a complete free-piston engine prototype, a project that he expects to complete within a year.

    In conventional internal combustion engines, multiple pistons are connected via rods to a crankshaft that, via the transmission, drives the wheels. Free-piston engines do away with the crankshaft: the pistons aren't connected to anything. Instead, two opposing pistons just shuttle back and forth inside a chamber. To generate electricity, the pistons could be equipped with rows of magnets that shuttle past metal coils to create an electrical current.

    Van Blarigan's experiments suggest that these engines could be 50 percent efficient at generating electricity--close to the efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells and much more efficient than conventional generators. Free-piston engines are efficient in part because they have fewer moving parts than conventional engines do. The engine configuration also makes it practical to tune the engine so that the fuel in a combustion chamber burns very quickly. Faster combustion allows the engine to get more work out of a given amount of fuel, improving efficiency. It can also improve emissions.

    The free-piston design can also allow the engine to be instantly optimized for different fuels, such as hydrogen, natural gas, ethanol, gasoline, and diesel. Ideally, drivers could use whatever fuel is cheap and readily available.

    The development of free-piston engines, however, is still at an early stage. "The free-piston has some unique features--simplicity and variable compression--which make it intriguing," says Gary Smyth, the science director of GM's Powertrain Systems Research Lab. "But [they] also pose a number of challenges."

    Van Blarigan says that one major concern is the sound of the engines: the fast explosions are very loud and will be difficult to muffle. But perhaps the biggest issue is control. In a conventional engine, the movement of the pistons is constrained by the rods and crankshaft, which help even out any variations from cycle to cycle. The free-piston engine is more flexible. That allows for using different fuels, but it makes necessary some sort of active control mechanism to ensure that each cycle is the same: variations could cause poor performance and increased emissions. High-speed computers and the ability to electronically control piston movement in a free-piston generator (via the coils and magnets) could help engineers solve this problem.

    Whether the engines will be significantly cheaper and more efficient than conventional engines is unclear, says John Heywood, a professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. "There's been enough development to say that it works. But with very different engine geometries, it's hard to work out just how good it is. Is it really better?" As research progresses, it will need to answer questions about efficiency, emissions, performance, and especially cost, Heywood says.

    Meanwhile, conventional internal combustion engines keep getting better, which could make it difficult for the free-piston design to get a foothold.

    Tarih: 13:00, 30/12/2008 Kategori: hobi sayfam
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